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History of Purgatory
The idea of purgatory has roots that date back, before Jesus, to the worldwide practice of praying for and caring for the dead, and the practice of prayer for the dead with a view to their afterlife purification found in Judaism,〔cf. 〕 from which Christianity grew. The same practice appears in other traditions, such as the medieval Chinese Buddhist practice of making offerings on behalf of the dead, who are said to suffer numerous trials.〔(Purgatory ) in Encyclopaedia Britannica〕 Among other reasons, Catholic belief in purgatory is based on the practice of prayer for the dead.〔Catechism of the Catholic Church, (1032 )〕
Descriptions and doctrine regarding purgatory developed over the centuries.〔 Believers in purgatory interpret Bible passages such as (not accepted as Scripture by Protestants but recognized by Orthodox and Catholics), , , , , and as support for prayer for the dead, an active interim state for the dead prior to the resurrection, and purifying flames after death.〔 The first Christians looked forward to the imminent return of Christ and did not develop detailed beliefs about the interim state.〔 Gradually, Christians, especially in the West,〔 took an interest in circumstances of the interim state between one's death and the future resurrection. Christians both East and West prayed for the dead in this interim state, though theologians in the East refrained from defining it.〔 Augustine distinguished between the purifying fire that saves and eternal consuming fire for the unrepentant.〔 Gregory the Great established a connection between earthly penance and purification after death. All Soul's Day, established in the 10th century, turned popular attention to the condition of departed souls.〔
The idea of Purgatory as (like heaven and hell) a physical place was "born" in the late 11th century.〔Jacques Le Goff, The Birth of Purgatory (University of Chicago Press, 1984)〕 Medieval theologians concluded that the purgatorial punishments consisted of material fire. The Western formulation of purgatory proved to be a sticking point in the Great Schism between East and West. The Catholic Church believes that the living can help those whose purification from their sins is not yet completed not only by praying for them but also by gaining indulgences for them〔(CCC, 1479 )〕 as an act of intercession.〔Cross, F. L., ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005), article ''indulgences''〕 The later Middle Ages saw the growth of considerable abuses, such as the unrestricted sale of indulgences by professional "pardoners"〔 sent to collect contributions to projects such as the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. These abuses were one of the factors that led to the Protestant Reformation. Most Protestants rejected the idea of purgatory, as never clearly mentioned in Luther's canon of the Bible, which excludes the Deuterocanonical books. Modern Catholic theologians have softened the punitive aspects of purgatory and stress instead the willingness of the dead to undergo purification as preparation for the happiness of heaven〔
The English Anglican scholar John Henry Newman argued, in a book that he wrote before becoming Catholic, that the ''essence'' of the doctrine on purgatory is locatable in ancient tradition, and that the core consistency of such beliefs are evidence that Christianity was "originally given to us from heaven".〔John Henry Newman, ''An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine'', chapter 2, section 3, paragraph 2.〕
== Christian Antiquity ==
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